Smartphone stress: Concept, structure, and development of measurement among adolescents

People suffer from stress or digital when using information communication technology. Smartphones are the most widely used smart device among adolescents. However, few tools have been developed to capture smartphone stress. This preregistered study aims clarify and define concept of based on previous literature regarding develop a scale for integrated qualitative quantitative approaches explore structure scale. First, we theoretically proposed item pool current theories definition Then, conducted focus groups in-depth interviews (N = 41) revise items in pool. Lastly, finalized data collected three independent samples adolescents (Nsample1 1,088, Nsample2 879, Nsample3 176). The results revealed six dimensions adolescents: unsatisfactory communication, unmet recreational motivation, online learning burden, social concerns, useless overloaded notifications, verbal attacks. content validity was confirmed showed robust reliability (α .851 .959), stability (test-retest .717 .681, p < .001), (construct validity: χ2 2,811.967, df 399, CFI .966, TLI .963, RMSEA .075; correlations with anxiety depression were .431 .462, .001). is reliable measuring Limitations, implications, suggestions future research discussed.